Saskatchewan Federation of Police Officers 37 All abusers seek to maintain power and control over their victims. Even if the abuse occurs infrequently, they will instill fear of future assaults. The wheel of power and control, also known as the Duluth Model, demonstrates that physical violence is only one form of D/IPV an immigrant woman may experience. The ways an abuser attempts to control an immigrant victim is represented in the eight spokes, or tactics: intimidation, isolation, emotional abuse, economic abuse, sexual abuse, using children, threats, and/or using citizenship or residency privilege. While tactics may be similar for immigrant and non-immigrant victims, the examples provided in each spoke are specific to immigrant women. While physical violence, the outer ring, tends to be more visible, forceful and overt, the inner wheel represents subtler, continual and sometimes unrecognizable acts of violence until one looks at these forms of violence more carefully. Many of these forms of violence can happen simultaneously as a way to enforce power and control within a relationship. DOMESTIC AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AGAINST IMMIGRANT WOMEN IMMIGRANT WHEEL OF POWER AND CONTROL EMOTIONAL ABUSE Lying about her immigration status. Writing her family lies about her. Calling her racist names. ECONOMIC ABUSE Threatening to report her if she works “under the table.” Not letting her get job training or schooling. SEXUAL ABUSE Calling her a prostitute or “mail order bride.” Alleging she has a history of prostitution on legal papers. USING CHILDREN Threatening to take her children away from Canada. Threatening to report her children to Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada. THREATS Threatening to report her to Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada to get her deported. Threatening to withdraw the petition to legalize her immigration status. USING CITIZENSHIP OR RESIDENCY Failing to file papers to legalize her immigration status, withdrawing or threatening to withdraw papers filed for her residency. INTIMIDATION Hiding or destroying important papers (i.e passport, ID cards, health care card, etc.) Destroying her only property from her country of origin. ISOLATION Isolating her from friends, family or anyone who speaks her language. Not allowing her to learn English and French.
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